The Young Australian gold mine was established high in the Carrick Range behind Bannockburn in Central Otago in 1872. The mine was established at a time when alluvial gold mining was becoming less profitable, and more mechanised forms of mining were required to extract gold from the land. At this mine, as with many in the region, large amounts of quartz were crushed in the hope that gold could be extracted. In the summer of 1874-1875, a large waterwheel almost 8 metres (26 feet) in diameter was built to power a stamper battery, a machine used to crush quartz. The wheel is of a kind known as an 'overshot' wheel. Water flowed onto the top of the wheel, then into buckets set in the rim. The collection of water in these buckets upset the balance of the wheel and forced it to turn. The support structure and framework of the wheel are made of wood, and the wheel has iron buckets around its perimeter, with an iron ring gear to drive the stamper battery. In 2001 the Department of Conservation replaced several of the wooden parts of the wheel, as deterioration over the years had made it unsafe. Because Otago is one of the driest areas of New Zealand, water was scarce, and to make this wheel operate, water had to be brought to the site along the 34km Carrick water race, the construction of which, in difficult terrain, was a major feat in itself. The line of the race is still evident on the hillside, and much of its length is still in use today for irrigation. The wheel was in use for about ten years, after which the stamper battery (also registered as an historic place) was shifted to its current location, approximately one kilometre to the south-east. A flattened terrace adjacent to the wheel reveals where the battery used to be located. The area of the mine is now protected in the Young Australian Historic Reserve and is managed by the Department of Conservation. The Young Australian water wheel is significant because it is one of the only remaining waterwheels still in place from the Central Otago goldrush. It demonstrates the process of quartz mining in the Otago region, and it is testimony to the efforts people expended to extract gold, within a harsh climate and difficult terrain. Despite the relocation of the stamper battery, the Young Australian mine site has remained more intact than many other quartz-mining sites in the region. The waterwheel also forms a dramatic reminder of the importance of water power in New Zealand's nineteenth-century industrial heritage.