Early history Te Kāinga Aroha lies within the Tāmaki isthmus, on the slopes above Waiatarua (‘the reflecting waters’) which later became known as Freemans Bay. The area is important to a number of iwi. The bay was a plentiful food gathering area with fishing stations and gardens alongside a number of pā including an important headland fortification at Te Tō (‘the dragging of waka’) overlooking the western end of the bay. After the signing of Te Tiriti ō Waitangi / the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, Freemans Bay was part of the first land block transferred by Ngāti Whātua leader Āpihai Te Kawau (c.1780-1869) to the Crown for the creation of a new colonial capital. The area formed one of the earliest parts of Auckland settled by early European migrants, as well as a place where many Māori arrived by waka from outlying areas to barter goods. Freemans Bay became industrialised over the subsequent decades with sawmills, brickmakers, and boatbuilders, as well as a brass and iron foundry, glassworks, asphalt works and coal and lime dealers operating around the bay by 1883. On the slopes overlooking the bay working-class cottages and other houses were built, with wealthier residences especially erected higher up the ridge, including along Hepburn Street. From the 1870s to the early twentieth century reclamation of Freemans Bay gradually extended along the shoreline, disconnecting the area from the sea. During the 1870s the affluent intentions for parts of the neighbourhood led to the creation of Western Park via a design competition. The park, which ran down the slope from Ponsonby Road to Howe Street, parallel to Hepburn Street, was a prominent green space which came to be overlooked by many wealthy residences. In 1852 Frederick Merriman purchased two large lots known as Allotments 10 and 11, Section 51, Town of Auckland, at the corner of Hepburn Road and Smith Street. By 1866 a single-story residence had been built in the centre of the lots. This was replaced by a large two-story residence by 1882, following the creation of Western Park. The new building prominently occupied the higher, south side of the lot – Allotment 11 – and appears to have been oriented to face Smith Street, from which there was direct access to the park. Allotment 10, the future site of Te Kāinga Aroha (Former), formed part of a large front garden. In 1888, the recently-erected residence and its grounds were briefly leased as the first New Zealand home for the Little Sisters of the Poor before they acquired permanent lodgings the following year. Originating in France in the 1840s, the Little Sisters of the Poor focussed on care for the destitute elderly and spread to many other countries including New Zealand in the later nineteenth century, eventually becoming one of the largest organisations of religious women in the Catholic Church. Andrew Entrican’s residence At the end of the century, the large double allotment was subdivided, possibly reflecting how sought-after residential property was in the more affluent parts of this suburb. Allotment 10, the front garden with corner street frontage, was purchased by prominent Auckland businessman and local politician Andrew Jack (A.J.) Entrican (1858-1936). Entrican, who had completed an apprenticeship in London under a general merchant, emigrated to Auckland in 1880 where he married Elizabeth Mackay in 1883. After travelling overseas during a period of severe economic depression in New Zealand in the late 1880s, Entrican returned to Auckland in 1887 and established A.J. Entrican and Company, a successful importing, general merchant and manufacturing agent business. Entrican was joined in his business by his younger brother by the end of the century. Reflecting contemporary bay villa design as a symbol of the status and material achievement of New Zealand’s rising middle class, Entrican built a grand, two-storey timber corner bay villa which incorporated extensive exterior decoration and large internal rooms. Italianate design, from which the new dwelling extensively drew, was frequently adopted by wealthy merchants, who drew parallels with high status housing of the mercantile élite in the Italian Renaissance. Situated on the higher southern side of the lot, the residence was designed to be viewed from the street with prominent, symmetrical gabled wings on both sides with faceted bay windows connected by a return double verandah and had a hexagonal faux tower at the middle corner. Other details included extensive use of turned columns, fretwork, and brackets around the factory-made sash windows and verandah. The house entrance was highlighted by a substantial portico. Stained glass was prominently used in many of the upper window panes as well as on the south side overlooking a grand staircase. Internally there were five rooms downstairs and five rooms upstairs, both levels arranged around a central hallway. The grandeur of the residence reflected Entrican’s commercial success as a merchant in the growing city of Auckland. Entrican resided at his new residence for approximately two decades. During this time his business success continued, and he served the first of his terms as deputy mayor of Auckland, a role he held for a total of seventeen years. He was also a long-serving member of the Auckland Harbour Board and was closely involved with the nearby St James’ Presbyterian Church, Wellington Street as an Elder and the superintendent of the Sunday School for 47 years. In the early twentieth century, many wealthy Aucklanders moved to properties on the fringe of the city, leaving industrial inner suburbs such as Freemans Bay to become more distinctively working class. Entrican sold his residence in 1918 to Alex Youngson, a baker, who owned it for three years before it was acquired by the Presbyterian Church Property Trustees to be used as a new manse for St James’ Church which was celebrating its 60th year. At this time the rearmost portion of the property, which joined Western Park, was subdivided and sold. Over the next twenty years it was home to various church reverends, and fundraisers for the church were held in the grounds. Although the Presbyterian Church was predominantly a settler church, it became more involved in social justice issues during the Great Depression of the 1930s. It also expanded engagement with Māori communities, with Presbyterian women being particularly prominent in the denomination’s Māori Mission. Canada-born Sister Jessie Alexander (1876-1962) had for many years been an influential member of the latter, including through her healing and educational skills and fluency in te reo Māori. In the early 1940s, Alexander was instrumental in the conversion of Entrican’s former residence from a manse to a hostel for young Māori women, facilitating their transition from traditional rural communities to city environments in response to increased needs for urban labour during the Second World War (1939-45). Forming a gateway to urban life, the residence’s continued use for this purpose over the next 70 years reflected enduring demographic shifts that transformed both Māori communities and New Zealand’s cities. Māori urbanisation The widespread urbanisation of Māori during the twentieth century has been referred to as the ‘Second Great Migration’. This was a period of great change for Māori who moved from their traditional lifestyle to becoming an overwhelmingly urban people, a shift which had both positive and negative impacts on Māori communities. At the beginning of the twentieth century Māori lived predominantly rurally with limited interactions with Pākehā living in towns and cities. Following the Māori population reaching its lowest recorded level in the 1896 census, the population gradually increased from the early years of the new century. As many rural communities transitioned to predominantly farming based industry in the early 1900s, many Māori found that their remaining land holdings were unable to support their growing, young population. In response to this pressure many young Māori men and women chose to move to towns and cities to take advantage of new opportunities from the 1930s onward. With the advent of the Second World War this trend accelerated as war service-related labouring and manufacturing work in cities became available to young Māori with significant facilitation from the Māori War Effort Organisation (MWEO), a pan-iwi entity which supported recruitment of Māori for the forces and war-related service. Reflecting the wider changes in women’s workforce participation in this period, Māori women joined the workforce in higher numbers than they had previously with the percentage of Māori women in work rising from 49.9% in 1936 to 76.5% by 1945. This influx of young workers increased pressure on accommodation in cities, including Auckland – the country’s largest urban centre and a major early destination for Māori migrants. In 1936 only 11.5% of the Māori population was urban, rising to 19% by 1945 and rapidly increasing further to 68.2% by 1971. Māori often faced discrimination in the cities including difficulties in obtaining rental accommodation and few early state houses were allocated to Māori in need. Many Māori, later joined by Polynesian immigrants, settled in low socio-economic areas including Freemans Bay and lived in crowded, run-down housing. Urban Māori came together for mutual support often based around community groups, sport and religion which fostered inter-iwi links. Many young Māori met their future spouses through these networks and settled permanently in their new community. United Māori Mission Many groups were concerned about the need to support young Māori, particularly Māori women in Auckland, as this pressure grew on accommodation. Multiple bodies worked to establish facilities including the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), United Māori Women’s Welfare Society, and the United Māori Mission (UMM). Created in 1936, the UMM was a pan-religious organisation that aimed to address the ‘spiritual, social and material requirements’ of young people, ultimately setting up a network of hostels in Auckland during the 1940s that have endured in amended form to the present day. The body was co-founded by Sister Jessie Alexander, who after retiring as a Presbyterian missionary took a leading role in the hostel movement. Sister Alexander expressed particular concerns about young Māori women, desiring to provide them with a sanctuary after arrival in the city, a goal shared by many Māori elders and parents. She also saw a need to help them achieve ‘good citizenship’, often modelled on ‘wholesome’ Pākehā perspectives and extending to Māori men. The significant role of Māori women in urban migration has been noted by Bradford Haami who has observed, ‘between 1942 and 1969, the strongest response to urbanisation and integration came from Māori women who were charged by the state with guiding men into becoming ‘ideal’ Māori citizens’. Hostels – both those operated by religious organisations, and later directly by the state – promoted model behaviour as gateways to urban life. The UMM led by Sister Alexander opened the first dedicated hostel for Māori women in Auckland in May 1941. Known as Te Kāinga Rangimarie (The House of Peace), the hostel was located on Union Street near Freemans Bay and could house up to twelve women. Within a couple of years it was clear that more space was needed and the manse on Hepburn Street was identified as the preferred residence for this expansion. The villa had multiple features in its favour including the size of the building and rooms and its proximity to an existing Māori community in Freemans Bay and Ponsonby. The grand villa design of the house, with its associations with Entrican’s commercial success, was believed to be an aspirational example for the hostel residents. The long association of the place with the church was also seen as advantageous for its use as a Christian hostel. Te Kāinga Aroha Despite initially planning to sell Te Kāinga Rangimarie to purchase the new property, this proved unnecessary as, reflecting increasing levels of direct state involvement in Māori urbanisation policy from the 1940s, the Māori Affairs Department Māori Trustee, H.G.R. Mason, stepped in to purchase the manse in late 1943 which was then leased to the UMM for £4 a week. In the following months some alterations were made to outfit the building as a hostel including creating dormitory spaces in the bedrooms. In April 1944 the hostel, frequently called Heppy before becoming known as Te Kāinga Aroha later in the century, was formally opened by Mrs Allum, the mayoress, at a well-attended ceremony. Speakers at the event included Mr J.O. Sanders, the chairman of the UMM; Reverend Kahi Takimoana Harawira (c.1892-1963), a vocational guidance officer who had served overseas as chaplain to the 28th Māori Battalion between 1939 and 1942; and Lieutenant Paikea Henare Toka, president of the Aotearoa Māori Club who had also served in the 28th Battalion, and who attended on behalf of the United Māori Women’s Society. The new hostel could house up to 26 young Māori women at a time. Life at the hostel was guided by the Christian faith of the UMM. Residents were supported in their transition to living in Auckland with organised sport, social activities, and bible study as well as assisted to find employment and apprenticeships. Te Kāinga Aroha was one of three UMM hostels by 1957 when they were featured in Te Ao Hou as being good Christian homes that Māori parents could feel confident sending their children to live in, with curfews, conduct requirements, and a strong community focus. The location of Te Kāinga Aroha, in close proximity to the Māori Community Centre, which operated in Freemans Bay from between about 1948 and 2002, enabled connection with the wider Māori community in Auckland. In 1947 Sister Alexander was awarded an MBE for her services to young Māori, including as a leader in the hostel movement. Further physical changes were made to the hostel over subsequent decades, including in 1950 when the Union Street hostel was sold and money was invested in Te Kāinga Aroha (Former). Changes included the addition of a large kitchen in a rear extension, fire escape stairs built down from the upper verandah, and portions of the verandah were enclosed to create new rooms and the verandah balustrades were replaced during the later twentieth century. During the 1950s, Auckland Council undertook a clearance project in Freemans Bay to remove ‘slum’ dwellings, and many Māori and Pacific Island residents moved out to new housing areas in Ōtara and Manukau City. Auckland’s inner suburbs nevertheless continued to house substantial numbers of Māori and Pasifika residents until more widespread gentrification in the later twentieth century. Te Kāinga Aroha continued as a UMM-run hostel through the rest of the century. Although increasing numbers of Māori families moved to the cities in the post-war period, young Māori women aged 15 to 24 remained the largest Māori migrant group until 1966. By this time, there were 180 hostel beds for Māori in Auckland – the city holding a position as the main focus for Māori urban migration. More generally some 20,000 young Māori enjoyed hostel life in the wider network of hostels in New Zealand cities between the late 1950s and early 1980s as part of attending trade-training schools. In the 1990s, Te Kāinga Aroha was catering for both women in employment and university students, and being managed by an earlier boarder at the residence. Throughout this period, the hostel continued to bring together Māori from many different iwi as a place where they could acclimatise to the city and provide a strong community connection for its current and previous residents as a social hub. Thirteen residents of the hostel signed Te Petihana Reo Māori (the Māori language petition, 1972) in support of active recognition of Te Reo Māori. Transition back to a private residence By the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries the needs for hostels for young Māori had generally changed towards a focus on providing accommodation for secondary school students although Te Kāinga Aroha (Former) remained in use as a hostel until after 2013. The UMM began operating hostels closer to prominent Auckland schools, and from 2011 ran their hostels as part of the InZone Project (later InZone Foundation). In 2014 the hostel was being managed by community housing provider Te Tumu Kāinga, formerly Auckland and Onehunga Hostels' Endowment Trust, who then sold Te Kāinga Aroha (Former) to a private owner as it was deemed not suitable for their needs. Around this time the place was used as a filming location in ‘Hunt for the Wilderpeople’. In 2017 the owner subdivided the large property to create a new site suitable for additional housing. The building was relocated within its original lot by 15m north toward the boundary with Smith Street which maintained the prominent visual connection of Te Kāinga Aroha (Former) to the corner of Hepburn and Smith Streets. Renovation work retained most of the building’s grand external design, including cladding and decorative timbers as well as stained glass windows, and structural framing, although chimneys and the hostel kitchen were removed. A basement level, including internal garage, rear extension and external swimming pool were added. Internal changes involved creating large open plan living areas, although some earlier rooms were generally retained. Some of the upstairs rooms were returned to their earlier proportions prior to the formation of dormitories. In 2022, the place remains a prominent visual landmark along Hepburn Street and is a private residence. Several publications in the early twenty-first century have noted the place’s significant connections with urban Māori history and the Māori hostel movement.

Context Te Kāinga Aroha (Former) is located in the inner suburb of Freemans Bay in Auckland. It contains a large surviving collection of nineteenth and early twentieth-century residential housing including a substantial range of villas of varying sizes built on uphill slopes – away from land affected by ‘slum’ clearance in the 1950s. Bounded by Ponsonby Road to the west and the Auckland motorway linking the city to the Harbour Bridge on the north-east side, the southern part of the suburb is predominantly residential and incorporates Western Park, immediately east of Te Kāinga Aroha. The suburb’s northern part incorporates a greater number of commercial and some surviving industrial buildings, and formerly included the iconic Māori Community centre at the junction of Fanshawe and Halsey Streets which was demolished in 2002. In the wide area around Te Kainga Aroha (Former) there are a number of listed places which reflect its nineteenth-century development including House, 19 Collingwood Street (List No. 4514, Category 2 historic place) and House, 50 Ponsonby Road (List No. 4581, Category 1 historic place). Other places reflecting later, twentieth-century construction include The Gloucester Court Flats on Franklin Road (List No 582, Category 2 historic place). There are also a number of places associated with religious observance around Ponsonby Road including Auckland Unitarian Church (List No. 7178, Category 1 historic place) and St John’s Church (Methodist) (List No. 643, Category 2 historic place). Places expressing Freemans Bay’s industrial and manufacturing past include the Auckland Municipal Destructor and Depot (Former) (List No. 7664, Category 1 historic place); Auckland Timber Company Building (Former) (List No. 9583, Category 1 historic place) and Auckland Gas Company Offices and Workshop (Former) (List No. 542, Category 2 historic place). The Site Te Kāinga Aroha (Former) is located on the corner of Hepburn and Smith Streets in the southern part of Freemans Bay and is a generally rectangular site. The property boundary is marked by a low concrete wall with a higher hedge along the street frontage. The main residence extends across the width of the site from Smith Street to the boundary fence, with a small single-storey square east extension at the rear. Collectively these occupy most of the land. The western portion of the site contains a moderately large landscaped, grass front lawn. A swimming pool is located beside the rear extension. Main building exterior Consisting of a corner bay villa of grand proportions with extensive external decoration, the residence incorporates the 1898 two storey building atop a modern basement and internal garage, visible only from Smith Street, and a low, modern rear extension. The main part of the residence has a prominent street presence and is set back from Hepburn Street. Of timber construction with a corrugated iron roof, the building is clad with narrow weatherboards and includes sash windows. The building’s street presence is emphasised by its size, its high level of ornamentation, and other distinctive features such as its wraparound double-storey balcony and front portico. The 1898 structure is of highly ornate, Italianate-influenced design. It is generally symmetrically arranged around the two street frontages, which each feature a projecting wing with a faceted ground floor bay window. The bay windows feature extensive decoration including curved aprons, classical-influenced applied turned columns and long brackets, and stained glass in the upper window panes. Each gable also includes an upper pair of sash windows with matching long and short brackets below a cornice topped with a moulded piece echoing the higher gable angle. Each gable further features deep soffits under the eaves with fretwork around the finial at the apex. Running between the wings is a double return verandah which runs around a hexagonal faux tower at the northwest corner. The verandah features scroll fretwork between the turned verandah posts and dentil moulding friezes around the upper level, and stickwork-influenced fretwork and friezes on the lower level. An alternating, late twentieth century, turned balustrade is used around the upper level and on the lower level on the north elevation, with the west elevation opening onto the garden. The hexagonal corner incorporates multiple sash windows, the upper of which appear to be original. This corner is topped by a partly pyramidal hipped roof topped with a metal finial. On the west elevation, beside the wing is a classically influenced portico around the front entrance which continues the use of turned stickwork, classical applied columns, and is topped with a low pediment. Each side of the front elevations include large diamond-shaped, stained glass windows in each of the portions of enclosed verandah. The south and east elevations are generally plain weatherboards with paired sash windows. Retained original sash windows have simpler decoration with long brackets. The large window in the centre of south side which overlooks the staircase also features stained glass in the upper panes. Visible from Smith Street is a modern garage door below the 1893 structure which links to a new basement level. The rear extension, at the same level as the original ground floor incorporates restrained decoration in keeping with the original features including turned stickwork friezes and columns, and short brackets around the roofline. Main building interior Internally the residence retains the scale of the original design and parts of the general layout. Opening onto a wide hallway, the original grand staircase with turned balustrades and newel post has been retained along the south side along with the front room. The other ground floor rooms have been opened up into a large open plan space connecting with the modern rear extension. Upstairs the bedrooms and bathrooms are arranged around a central landing and generally retain their original proportions. Comparisons Te Kāinga Aroha is considered to be the earliest surviving hostel established for young Māori as part of the twentieth-century urban hostel movement, and the only example to remain from wartime Auckland – the main focus for the movement in its early stages. It is also the oldest known surviving hostel established for young Māori women, whose move to urban centres formed a particularly significant aspect of widespread urban Māori migration in twentieth century New Zealand. Te Kāinga Aroha is one of the longest-used hostels linked with twentieth-century Māori migration to New Zealand’s cities, having been used continuously for this purpose for 70 years, between 1944 and 2014. Although it has since been repositioned on its original property and subject to modification, it retains these notable historical associations in addition to reflecting significant aspects of the philosophy and functions of the early Māori hostel movement – and notably the United Māori Mission (UMM). Early hostels The earliest hostels for Māori were established during the nineteenth century in multiple colonial cities including Waipapa in Auckland in 1850. This facility at Mechanics Bay predominantly provided short term accommodation for Māori who came to trade with settlers in the new city. The hostel operated until 1966 by which time it had been described as dilapidated and its use had been supplanted by newer hostels such as Te Kāinga Aroha which better catered to the needs of urban Māori. The Waipapa hostel was subsequently demolished. A number of other nineteenth-century hostels created in colonial New Zealand towns and cities, including in Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch and Dunedin, also no longer exist. A 1903 replacement hostel near Bluff was the sole surviving nineteenth century hostel identified by Schrader in 2017. Second World War hostels (1939-45) At the vanguard of the twentieth-century Māori hostel movement for accommodation for urban migrants, a small number of hostels specifically for young Māori were created during the Second World War, mostly in Auckland. The earliest was Te Kāinga Rangimarie, a United Māori Mission (UMM) hostel, created in 1941 on Union Street in central Auckland. Initially a hostel for young Māori women, after the opening of Te Kāinga Aroha it was used as a hostel for Māori boys until 1946 and was sold in 1950. It appears to have been demolished at an unknown time before 2022. A WCTU hostel for Māori women was opened on Cleveland Road, Parnell in December 1943, a few months prior to Te Kāinga Aroha. Consisting of a repurposed two-storey villa like its near contemporary in Hepburn Street, it initially accommodated twenty women. This hostel operated until 1959 and appears to have been demolished for medium-density housing prior to 2022. A year after Te Kāinga Aroha was created in 1944, a fourth hostel for young Māori in Auckland was opened in Pentland Avenue, Mt Eden. Established in a pre-existing property purchased by the missions committee of the Presbyterian Church, the 10-roomed residence may have been utilised from late 1944 but was formally opened in April 1945 with capacity for 25 Māori women. It was demolished in circa 2014. Outside of Auckland, a Methodist hostel for young women known as Te Rāhui Wahine was opened in Bryce Street, Hamilton with support from the Tainui woman of mana Te Puea Hērangi. Created in a two-storey building previously used as a boarding house or hotel, it was proposed in early 1944 and evidently opened to boarders in early 1945. An additional cottage was erected to expand the facility around this time. The facilities initially accommodated nine young Māori women and were staffed by Māori, who aimed to ‘give the girls a cultural background in a Māori atmosphere’. It is currently unclear whether any of the structures used as a hostel survive. An earlier Hamilton hostel for general Māori use, including people visiting Waikato Hospital and friends in Hamilton, was erected as a purpose-built structure in Columbo Street in Frankton in 1941. Its creation by the Waikato Māori Hostel Society was also supported by Te Puea, and originally initiated by the WCTU. The hostel was sufficiently in demand by 1945 to require additional accommodation in three army huts. It is currently uncertain if any of these structures remain. Post-war hostels In Auckland, at least 12 further hostels for Māori operated between the end of the Second World War and 1970 with ‘the express purpose of “settling young migrants into the city in a moral, homely environment while they trained or worked”’. While Māori women’s hostels were still often led by religious groups with support from Māori, a later phase of hostels for Māori boys were established combining government-led apprenticeships and trades training with the provision of accommodation. The UMM operated two additional hostels in the years after the Second World War. ‘Gillies’, a hostel for young Māori men which replaced the Union Street facility, was located in the former US officers’ club on Gillies Avenue, Epsom and was in use for a number of years but does not appear have survived. In 1947, ‘Shelly’ was opened as an additional Māori women’s hostel, based in a large villa on Shelly Beach Road, Herne Bay. This was temporarily leased for about a decade but not used over the longer term. It remains a private residence in 2022. Other hostels opened in the years following the war included St Anne’s hostel for young Māori women, a Catholic hostel also in Shelley Beach Road, Herne Bay from 1953, which was opened with support from the Māori Women’s Welfare League including Dame Whina Cooper; and Seamer House in Remuera, a Methodist hostel for young Māori women which operated until 1987. Seamer House was subsequently relocated to Coatesville in 1997. In 1955-1964, the grand residence Allendale at 50 Ponsonby Road, Ponsonby (List No. 4581, Category 1 historic place), was used by the Presbyterian Church as a hostel for young Māori women. Other centres attracting Māori populations established hostels. In Wellington, Pendennis Girls Home on Burnell Avenue, Thorndon was a hostel for young Māori women which opened in the early 1950s. Initially government-run, this Italianate-style residence continues to be used as a general hostel to the present. In New Plymouth, Rangiatea Methodist Māori Girls Hostel operated in the early 1950s and subsequently created a large purpose-built facility at Spotswood in 1958. In Hamilton, a hostel for young Māori men, Te Rāhui Tane, was added in London Street. The earliest combined hostel and trade-training facility in the country was opened in Christchurch, known as Te Rehua. This institution was initially established in 1952 for young Māori women and converted for male use associated with training in 1954. Relocating to Springfield Road in 1958, Te Rehua later became an inter-tribal marae and remains an important urban marae complex in Christchurch. Several other church-managed hostels opened in Christchurch in the 1960s, including the Anglican-run Te Kaihanga Māori Boys Hostel in Riccarton (1962), the Catholic Te Aranga Hostel, and Roseneath – a Presbyterian hostel for young Māori women. In 1969, a Girls’ Training Hostel (List No. 7636, Category 1 historic place) erected on Ensors Road, Christchurch, in 1913, was converted for use by Māori apprentices who were accommodated and received some of their training there under the Māori Trade Technical Scheme over the next decade – a significant usage in terms of Māori education. Some hostels were associated with other types of education, including access to prominent schools. Later UMM hostels were established at Lovelock Avenue, Epsom for Māori girls; and Dommett Avenue, Epsom and later Owens Road, Epsom for Māori boys. Hostels still assist Māori in New Zealand’s main cities, continuing in amended form the hostel movement’s lengthy tradition.