The Moawhango region has long Maori historical associations established when Tamatea-pokai-whenua (Tamatea land explorer), grandson of the Takitimu canoe’s commander, travelled into the district and claimed it. Within a few generations Tamatea’s descendants came to the region, displacing Ngati Hotu. Following this, Ngati Whiti migrated there from northern Hawke’s Bay and forced Ngati Hotu out in the mid seventeenth century, with the aid of Ngati Tama allies. The ancestor Whitikaupeka was born in this upper Rangitikei area, known as Inland Patea, and upon his return he married and settled there. It is recorded that Moawhango only coalesced into a Maori settlement from the late 1860s because of its proximity to the district’s large sheep runs, and in the 1870s a flour mill was built and run by local Maori. It was known as Te Riu o Puanga (valley of the star Puanga) prior to an 1883 Post Office directive to call the settlement Moawhango, after the river it is positioned next to.
On separate occasions the missionaries Richard Taylor (1805-1873) and William Colenso (1811-1899) passed through the region in the 1840s, but it was not until 20 years later that Europeans began to settle in the vicinity when the brothers Captain Azim Salvator (1837-1923) and William John Birch (1842-1920) established their leased sheep run in the high country area further north. When their former employee, Robert Thompson Batley (1849-1917), opened a store at Moawhango in 1882 the settlement began to develop into a main service centre for the burgeoning farming district. By 1891 Moawhango buildings belonging to the Batleys included a cottage, outbuildings, woolshed, stables, and accommodation building, and there was also a general store and a saddler’s. To one Pakeha journalist this ‘English appearance…altogether cures one of the idea that ‘Moawhango,’ ‘The Pa,’ or ‘Patea’ as it is called variously, is only a Maori village.’
However, one building absent from Moawhango by the early twentieth century was a church. The first church constructed in the region was a Catholic church further south at Mangaweka, built in 1899. In early 1902 a red brick and concrete private memorial chapel was built in Moawhango by Robert and Emily (1860?-1927) Batley and dedicated to their eldest daughter, Nellie, who had drowned. Public services were held there, and the building was often used for family services and events. It was not until later in 1902 that Taihape’s first Anglican Church, St Margaret’s, was opened. The Anglican and Catholic Churches purchased land in Mataroa in 1902, and Catholic churches were built in Opaea in 1903 and Taihape the following year. This flourish of church building is symptomatic of the coming of age of towns along the North Island Main Trunk railway during its construction. However, until these purpose-built religious buildings were completed services were held in a variety of venues, including houses, and were often led by lay readers if no clergy from the wider district were available. For example, in Moawhango in the 1890s it seems that services were held in a whare runanga (assembly hall).
Similarities with the Batley Memorial Chapel indicate the Batley family played a role in the creation of Whitikaupeka Church. This is not surprising because the family seem to have had a good relationship with neighbouring Maori. Robert is said to have spoken the language competently, and to have helped Ngati Whiti establish their claim to the area in the Maori Land Court. While in European circles he became known as the ‘King of Moawhango,’ local Maori called Robert ‘Papa Patere’. It seems likely that the Batley family pointed those involved in building Whitikaupeka Church in the direction of the manufacturers and craftsmen for the fittings and features which it and the Batley Memorial Chapel have in common.
The strong similarities between the two buildings suggest that the Alfred A. Atkins’ (1850-1919) plans for the brick Batley Memorial Chapel were adapted for a timber church by the architect or by Whitikaupeka Church’s builder. Both John Mair and John Swallow, a Marton builder, are thought to have been involved in the church’s construction. Atkins was a prominent Wanganui architect by the early twentieth century having designed many important buildings in the city including Wanganui Museum (1894) and the Wanganui Hospital (1897). Contemporary with the Batley’s chapel and Whitikaupeka Church is Atkins’ Ward Observatory (1903) and later his partnership also designed the original Wanganui Collegiate School’s Liverpool Street campus buildings. He was well-known for his school and hospital work, but also designed many commercial and residential buildings, including Rangitawa near Halcombe. Compared with this, ecclesiastical buildings were only a small part of Atkins’ portfolio. He gained early experience in church design while in partnership in the 1880s and 90s with Frederick de Jersey Clere, who was the Anglican Diocesan architect.
Whitikaupeka Church was constructed between 1903 and 1905, and is closely associated with the Whitikaupeka marae immediately to its northwest, whose meeting house was built a decade beforehand. The church was opened on 5 February 1905 and is sited on Maori-owned land. Maori ‘from all parts’ began to arrive for the ceremony several days beforehand. The catalyst for its construction was the death of Ngati Whiti rangatira, Ihakara te Raro (1814-1902), but other members of the council of elders are also commemorated in the building. Ihakara was described as ‘a great Maori chief’ whose funeral was anticipated as being ‘the largest Maori funeral that has taken place in the district for years.’ It was his daughter Te Rina Pine who drove the building project which had been the dying wish of her father. Others commemorated in the church include: Retimana te Rango (d.1894), Horima Paerau (d.1897), Rota Tiatia (d.1900), Ihaka te Kongo (d.1903), and Karaitiana te Rango (d.1904).
Some of the names of those commemorated at Whitikaupeka Church are testimony to the influence of Christianity (Karaitiana) prior to its construction. Examples of biblical names include: Ihakara (Issachar), Ihaka (Isaac), and Rota (Lot). The completion of the church was heartening for the Anglican Church at the time. Anglican missionary activity in New Zealand continued into the twentieth century through its Maori Mission. By the late nineteenth century this consisted of Maori clergy travelling around villages and ministering once they had been licensed to do so by Pakeha priests. However, less formal instruction in the Christian faith seems to have been provided locally by Emily Batley, who is known to have taught Te Rina.
Moawhango was within the Maori Mission’s Wanganui District, with Reverend Alfred Owen Williams (1856-1923) the Superintendent for a substantial period, between 1885 and 1921. As such it was fitting that Williams presided at the opening of Whitikaupeka Church, especially since he had also conducted Ihakara’s burial service a few years earlier. Alfred was the grandson of the famous missionary Henry Williams (1792-1867) who arrived in New Zealand in 1823. His father had been a Maori Land Court judge in Auckland. With this heritage it is perhaps unsurprising that Alfred became involved in Maori affairs and was ‘a great Maori linguist.’ He was based at the Putiki mission station from 1885 and soon become a pillar of Wanganui’s community. Upon his death in 1923 it was thought that North Island Maori would feel his loss deeply because they ‘looked to him with the utmost confidence for help and guidance.’ At the time of Alfred’s death his son, Reverend Wilfred (Wilpia) Gaster Williams (1882-1961), had taken over as the local Maori Mission Superintendent.
It seems that there was spiritual competition in the area. In particular, Mormons were due to hold a large gathering in Moawhango at Easter 1905. This event was held over several days and was apparently well attended by local Maori. Indeed, Moawhango was said to be the Mormon’s missionary headquarters. In 1907 a similar gathering attracted approximately 500 Maori from as far afield as the King Country and Hastings. Within a few years it seems its Anglican counterpart was faltering. There were not enough Maori clergy to adequately cover each pastorate and their European colleagues were encouraged to help out because there was a concern that ‘people could be led astray by false doctrine.’ Therefore, having a physical presence catering to the Maori community in Moawhango would have been reassuring for the Anglican Church.
Like other rural churches, Whitikaupeka Church would have been a significant financial undertaking for the local community, and therefore a clear demonstration that there was a local group of committed Anglicans. Whitikaupeka Church was not listed as a local Anglican parish church because it was included in a separate Maori Pastorate. Because Whitikaupeka Church was a community initiative, rather than an Anglican Church one, the connection between the two does not seem to have been formal, and they may have drifted further apart as a result of the difficult time the Maori Mission faced from the 1920s onwards, and when the Williams’ were no longer involved. However, Maori pastors continued to conduct services there in the mid to late twentieth century.
Anglican services are still occasionally held at the church and the building is often used by families associated with the marae for functions and events. Whitikaupeka Church has also been used for the services of different denominations, including Ratana. This esteemed local facility was deteriorating in some areas by the early 1990s. Therefore, in 1994 the Whitikaupeka Marae Trust commissioned conservation architect Chris Cochran to prepare a conservation plan for the building. Repairs were recommended to water and borer damaged areas. These works took a year to complete and the church was rededicated on 15 July 1995.
Whitikaupeka Church has been noted as one of a group of culturally significant Whanganui region Maori churches. Others listed in Te Ara – Encyclopedia of New Zealand include: Wheriko Church (Anglican), Category 1 historic place (Register no. 188), Pepara Church (Anglican), Category 2 historic place (Register no. 957), and the Ratana Temple.