Both iwi history and archaeological evidence show Māori occupation in the Ōtākou Otago region over an extended period, with the inhabitants utilising a wide variety of natural resources from the diverse environment. Archaeological evidence supports the date of earliest settlement around the 12th century.
Today, Kāi Tahu mana whenua is recognised over a large part of Te Wai Pounamu. Kāti Māmoe and Waitaha whakapapa and shared occupation are always acknowledged. Tūpuna such as Waitai, Tukiauau, Whaka-taka-newha, Rakiiamoa, Tarewai, Maru, Te Aparangi, Taoka, Moki II, Kapo, Te Wera, Tu Wiri Roa, Taikawa, and Te Hautapanuiotu are among Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu tūpuna whose feats and memories are embedded in the landscape, bays, tides and whakapapa of Ōtākou Otago. The hapū Kai Te Pahi, Kāti Moki, and Kāti Taoka still maintain their presence and responsibility as kaitiaki in this region.
While not as densely populated as the North Island, numerous kaik in the Ōtākou region still hosted a good number of Waitaha, Kāti Mamoe and later Kāi Tahu peoples. Various bays and beaches around the Tairaoa Heads supported several hundred people with kaik in Karitāne, Waikouaiti and at the mouth of the Mata-au or Clutha hosting a similar number. Pā kāinga on the Ōtākou coast included Māpoutahi (Pūrākaunui), Pukekura (Taiaroa Head), Kōpūtai, Huriawa and Moturata (Taieri Island). Whareakeake, one of several pounamu manufacturing sites, attested to another facet of lifestyle for the artisans of the iwi.
Historically, Kāi Tahu and previous tangata whenua Waitaha and Kati Māmoe used the tauraka waka (landing site) at Ōtepoti (Dunedin city) when they visited the head of the Ōtākou harbour as either the gateway to the route to Kaikarae (Green Island) or on other mahinga kai expeditions. The soft slope of the foreshore and the tidal flats in the upper harbour where the small stream, Toitū, entered the sea was bisected by a prominent hill Ngā-moana-e-rua (called Bell Hill by colonists), the foot of which lay at the very edge of the high water mark. No permanent kaik or villages were situated at the mouth of the Toitū, as there was no need for it.
While the population numbers are still debated by academics and historians, there is no argument that through epidemics and intertribal warfare, the numbers of Kāi Tahu living in the region had dwindled considerably by the time the Treaty of Waitangi was signed at Ōtakou (Otago Heads), 13 June 1840.
The Manor Place Convenience site was originally part of the foreshore. In 1852 a strip of land between Princes Street and Manor Place on this foreshore was chosen by the Government for Māori Reserve. Previously, the Toitū tauraka waka landing site was a place of early interactions with European colonists and it became a well-known as the Ōtākou Kai Tahu trading site with colonial settlers. However, while requested as a Māori Reserve, this site was not reserved and instead the area of land, near the Convenience site, was utilised as storage for building material for a short time; eventually being withdrawn by the Government from Māori.
McDonald notes that there was an agreement made to the chiefs in 1844 at the time of the Otago Block regarding land at the head of the harbour. Topi requested a site at the Toitū tauraka waka and land at the ‘sandy cove to the east afterwards occupied by a manse.’ In November 1852, the Colonial Secretary at the time, Alfred Dommet, requested Walter Mantell, Government Land Purchase Agent, to recommend the strip of land between Princes Street and the Harbour from Jetty Street to Manor Place to be reserved for Māori accommodation when visiting Dunedin. However, this land had already been reserved by Captain Cargill as a reserve to protect the waterfront in 1848. A lack of proclamation by Mantell led to confusion and the Provincial Government placed immigration and police barracks on the site north along Princes Street where the Native Reserve was recommended to be. A Crown Grant was issued for the land to be used for public utilities, known as the ‘Princes Street Reserve’ in 1868 and included a small Native Reserve. In 1872 an agreement was formed to reimburse Māori £5000 ($822,291), a sum agreed to by Taiaroa and Topi, the Provincial Government and City Corporation. This compensation to Māori was never honoured.
European Settlement - Sanitation and Sewerage
With the arrival of the Scottish Free Church settlers in 1848, the small village of Dunedin was established. Infrastructure was slow to develop with very few resources available. The Dunedin Town Board was established in 1855 (predecessors to the Dunedin City Council) and along with the Otago Provincial Council funding, began to establish culverts and roads. While the town slowly started to develop, the discovery of gold in 1861 by Gabriel Read at Central Otago, resulted in a gold rush with an explosive impact on the burgeoning township. People flocked to Central Otago from over the world, passing through Dunedin in the hopes of making it rich on the goldfields. Dunedin, with a lack of infrastructure to match the onslaught of people and industry, was described as a filthy, dirty place. In 1864 the Superintendent of Otago appointed a group to investigate the sanitary condition of the town and the Sanitary Commission was created.
The first sewer and culvert was built down Rattray Street in 1861 but it was not until 1872 that the City Surveyor Samuel Heywood Mirams planned a systematic drainage scheme with large brick sewers which flowed out into the harbour. Discussion around underground drainage occupied the City Council’s meeting discussions during the 1870s and became an election promise for those candidates running for Council. Cholera and typhoid were diseases that plagued Europe and were on the rise in Dunedin. Underground sewers in central Dunedin were proposed. "If this work," wrote a correspondent, "be not attended to before the warm weather sets in, the consequences that must follow from any epidemic breaking out in the city, will no doubt be chargeable to the wilful negligence of the Corporation”. Large brick sewers were built under the main streets of Dunedin to meet the new sanitation standards in 1877 which was completed by 1912.